His parents were born and married in Bo’ness.[1] His paternal and maternal grandparents were married in Linlithgowshire: the former in Bo’ness and the latter in nearby Bathgate.

Between 1838 and 1870 Daniel Hardie lived in three locations in Scotland: (1) Bo’ness in Linlithgowshire, (2) Linktown in Kirkcaldy, Fife, and (3) Pollokshaws near Glasgow, Renfrew. All three locations are within easy driving range of Edinburgh and Glasgow. (See following map.)

Daniel married twice in Scotland, in Linktown and in Pollokshaws, and he worked as a potter in both locations. He immigrated to the United States around 1870.

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This article identifies events in Daniel’s life prior to his immigration and describes the potteries in the locations where he lived.

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Bo’ness, Linlithgowshire, Scotland

Events 1838-1851

12 May 1838, Birth [2]
Bo’ness, Linlithgowshire, Scotland
Father: Robert Hardie

06 June 1841, Residence, Age 2 [3]
North Street, Bo’ness, Linlithgowshire, Scotland
Father: Robert Hardie, labourer & Mother: Janet Hardie Siblings (ages): Margaret (11), Robert (9), John (7), and Isabella (5), Daniel (2)

03 March 1851, Residence, Age 11 [4]
3 South Street, Bo’ness, Linlithgowshire, Scotland
Father: Robert Hardie, labourer & Mother: Janet Buchanan Siblings (ages): Margaret (21), Servant; Robert (19), labourer; John (17), labourer; Isabella (15); Daniel (11), scholar; Janet (8), scholar; Willhemina (5), scholar

(1) North Street was the Hardie’s 1841 residence. (2) South Street was the Hardie’s 1851  residence. (3) Grays Lane was the 1861 residence of Daniel’s parents, Robert Hardie & Janet Buchanan.[6] (4) Gibson’s Wynd was the 1871 residence of Daniel’s parents and  where Robert Hardie died in 1872.[7], [8]

Bo’ness Pottery

“The Pottery Industry of Borrowstounness”[9]

In the 18th century, Bo’ness was one of the most thriving towns on the east coast and ranked as the third port in Scotland. Among the town’s many thriving industries was pottery production and Bo’ness soon became established as one of the main pottery producing areas in the country.

Pottery production in the town lasted for almost 200 years and it reached its heyday at the end of the 19th century when three factories were operating simultaneously at Bo’ness, Grangepans and Bridgeness. With the last pottery closing as recently as 1958 the industry is still fondly remembered by many Bo’nessians.

The Bo’ness pottery was located on both sides of South Street, a short distance from the Hardie residences. There are no Bo’ness pottery buildings remaining today. However, as shown in the following 1854 map, the pottery was substantial.[10]

Perhaps sometime between 1851 and 1861 Daniel got his start as a potter in the Bo’ness pottery. However, there is no Census record of him working there. A list of pottery workers extracted from the Census of Scotland, 1841 through 1901, includes a few Hardies but not Daniel Hardie.[11]

Linktown, Abbotshall, Fife, Scotland

Description of Abbotshall Parish in 1862

Abbotshall parish lies on the Firth of Forth, bounded by Kirkcaldy, Kinghorn, Auchtertool, Auchterderran and Dysart. It is about 4 miles long by 2.5 miles broad. The great majority of the inhabitants live in Linktown. … In the Linktown, there is a gas work, a pottery, a brick and tile work, some hundred of hand looms, a sail canvas manufactory, a linen bleachfield, a dye works, spinning mills and a number of corn mills. In addition to the parish church, there are a UP [United Presbyterian] Church and 2 Free Churches at Abbotshall and Invertiel. [12]

Events 1861-1864

07 April 1861, Residence, Age 22 [13]
Linktown, Abbotshall, Fife, Scotland
Daniel Hardie; Occupation: Potter
Living with his uncle, William Downie, an engine driver, his aunt, Elizabeth Downie, and his cousin, Margaret Downie (age 10), a scholar. (Elizabeth is his mother’s (Janet Buchanan) sister.)

06 July 1863, Marriage, Age 24 [14]
Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland
Daniel Hardie (age 24), Potter, Bachelor & Mary Perry (age 23), Servant, Spinster
Residence for both: Linktown of Abbotshall
Married “at Linktown after banns according to the forms of the Free Church of Scotland”. [15]

06 Dec 1864, Death of Spouse, Age 26 [16]
Mary Perry
District of Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland
Informant: Daniel Hardie, a clay potter, was present at Mary’s death and reported it to the registrar. No cause of death was recorded as her death was not certified by a medical attendant.

Links Pottery

From his residence and occupation in the early 1860’s, it seems likely that Daniel was a potter at the Links Pottery. which was the sole pottery in Linktown. The 1855 map below shows the locations of (1) the Links Pottery and (2) the Free Church of Abbotshall, where he married Mary Perry in 1863.

By 1913, the pottery was renamed the Kirkcaldy Pottery. A 1913 map (below) shows the pottery’s location. Some street names changed from 1855 but many streets in 1913 are in existence in 2023. The pottery closed in 1928.[18]

It does not appear that any buildings remain in 2023. However, Canmore, a part of Historic Environment Scotland, excavated the Kirkcaldy Pottery in 1996, 2000, and 2001.[20]  Their Archeology Notes provide insight into the pottery produced.

Evidence of Links pottery in the form of building remains, finds and deposits was abundant and occurred in virtually all of the recorded trenches. Brick and stone walls and floors were found that related to various pottery buildings. Deposits of burnt sand may indicate a former kiln site. … The mixed assemblage of finds recovered during the investigation of the Links pottery site includes a variety of early modern pottery fabric types, with no single type predominant. The vessel forms represented are mainly tableware types. Also recovered were several fragments of plaster-of-Paris moulds and pieces of kiln furniture. The mould fragments were recovered from the SW part of the site, which may have been used for dumping at one stage. Most of the material is of late 18th to early 20th-century date.

1996

Pottery comprises mainly white wares, which probably originated in the N half of the site, but very little brown Rockingham ware which was manufactured in the Saunders Street area.

2000

The principal aim of this project was to retrieve as much pottery as possible from the 18th/19th-century works. By far the greatest concentration of finds was uncovered following the demolition of a retaining wall which formed part of the W boundary on Saunders Street. Cleaning and cataloguing this very large ceramic assemblage is still under way.

2001

Pollokshaws, Eastwoods, Renfrew, Scotland (South of Glasgow)

Events 1867-1870

By 1867 Daniel had moved to Pollokshaws, an area on the south side of the city of Glasgow. He married Elizabeth Ferguson there and two of their daughters, Janet and Isabella, were born there.

08 Apr 1867, Marriage, Age 28 [21]
Pollokshaws, Eastwoods, Renfrew, Scotland
Daniel Hardie, Earthenware Potter, Widower &
Elisabeth Pollock Ferguson, Power Loom Weaver
Residence: King St, Pollokshaws
Married “after banns according to the forms of the Original Secession Church (OSC)”. [22]

06 Sep 1867, Birth of Daughter, Age 29 [23]
Janet Hardie
Pollokshaws, Renfrew, Scotland

04 Sep 1869, Birth of Daughter, Age 31 [24]
Isabella Hardie
King Street, Pollokshaws, Renfrew, Scotland

Daniel’s wife and daughters arrived in New York on the Scottish steamship Iowa in June 1870. From his absence on the passenger list, it may well be that Daniel immigrated separately. In August 1870, he and his family were living in Chicago, Illinois.

1870, Immigration of Wife & Daughters [25]
Departed from Glasgow and arrived at the Port of New York on 6 June 1870.
Hardies listed include Mrs. Hardie (age 29), Christina Hardie (7) [26], Janet (3), and Isabella (1).

23 Aug 1870, Residence, Age 32 [27]
Chicago, Illinois, USA
Occupation: Potter
Living with wife and children: Elizabeth (29); Christina (9); Jane (3); and Isabelle (1).

Victoria Pottery, Pollokshaws

“The Victoria Pottery was established by David Lockhart and Charles Arthur in Cogan Street, Pollokshaws in 1855. Their main products were earthenware decorated dinner wares, wall plaques, punch bowls, pitchers and jugs, mostly transfer-printed in vivid colours. Mugs were made in vast quantities.” [28]

From his residence (King Street, Pollockshaws) and profession in the 1860’s, it seems possible that Daniel worked at the Victoria Pottery in Pollockshaws, although there are no records stating this. The pottery closed in 1953 and no buildings remain. The specific site in 2023 is the car park for the Auldhouse Retail Park.[30] 

Post Immigration: USA

After their arrival, Daniel’s family soon moved from Chicago to Cincinnati, Ohio.[31] In 1872, his third daughter was born in Cincinnati[32] and his wife, Elizabeth Ferguson, died there in 1874[33].

In 1877 Daniel married Mary Jane (Ryan) Taylor in St. Louis, Missouri.[34] They resided in St. Louis between 1877 and 1897.[35] Subsequently, the family relocated to East Liverpool, Ohio, which was nicknamed the “Pottery Capital of the World”.

A listing of potteries in the East Liverpool area clearly shows how the City gained the nickname, “Pottery Capital of the World”. There were hundreds of potteries, from large companies (some of which are still in production today) to small home businesses (that may have only survived a short time). At one time you could not look anywhere in East Liverpool without seeing the bottle kilns and the smoke that accompanied them.[36]

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Endnotes

[1] Bo’ness is the common truncation of Borrowstounness. In 1925 Linlithgowshire, or Linlithgow County, was renamed West Lothian, currently one of 32 counties or council areas in Scotland.

[2] Daniel Hardie, death, 8 December 1916, East Liverpool, Columbiana. Ohio, Bureau of Vital Statistics: Certificate of Death, 1916, registration no. 64. Birth 12 May 1838 Bo’ness, Scotland. Informant: Will Hardie. COD: primary, senility; contributory, arterial sclerosis. Burial: Riverside Cemetery, East Liverpool, Ohio.

[3] 1841 Census of Scotland, Linlithgow, Borrowstounness, North Street, p. 13, lines 23-25 & p. 14, lines 1-4, Robert Hardie Household; digital image, ScotlandsPeople (https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk : accessed 27 April 2021); citing Bo’ness (663/ 3).

[4] 1851 Census of Scotland, Linlithgow, Borrowstounness, 3 South Street, p. 2, lines 11-19, Robert Hardie Household; digital image, ScotlandsPeople (https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk : accessed 27 April 2021), citing Bo’ness (663/ 7/ 2).

[5] Ordnance Survey Map of Borrowstounness, Linlithgowshire, 1855. Digital image. National Library of Scotland (https://maps.nls.uk/view/74963111 : accessed 27 July 2023).

[6] 1861 Census of Scotland, Linlithgow, Borrowstounness, p. 18, no. 92, Grays Lane, Robert Hardie household: digital image, ScotlandsPeople (https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk : accessed 27 April 2021), citing 663/ 6/ 18. Entries for Robert Hardie, 54, carter; Janet Hardie, wife, 56, James Boslem, 6, grandson, scholar.

[7] 1871 Census of Scotland, Linlithgow, Borrowstounness, p. 5, no. 24, Gibsons Lane, Robert Hardie household: digital image, ScotlandsPeople (https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk : accessed 27 April 2021), citing 663/ 4/ 5. Entries for Robert Hardie, 62, carter; Janet Hardie, wife, 63.

[8] Robert Hardie, death, 26 January 1872, Gibson’s Wynd, Parish of Bo’ness, Linlithgowshire. Statutory Register of Deaths, 1872: p. 5, no. 13; digital image, ScotlandsPeople (http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk : accessed 4 October 2023); citing 663/ 13. COD: Kick from a horse, shock, 1 hour. Certified. Informant: Isabella Stewart, daughter, present.

[9] Robert Jardine. Bo’ness Pottery: The Pottery Industry of Borrowstounness 1766-1958.  Website (http://www.bonesspottery.co.uk/ : accessed 25 April 2021).

[10] Bo’ness Pottery: James Jamieson.  Website. Bo’ness Pottery (http://www.bonesspottery.co.uk/jj.html : accessed 25 April 2021).

[11] Census: Pottery Workers (and a few others) living in the Parishes of Bo’ness and Carriden. Website. Bo’ness Pottery (bonesspottery.co.uk/c.html : accessed 03 October 2023).

[12] Abbotshall. GenUKI (https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/sct/FIF/Abbotshall : accessed 30 July 2023). Crediting Westwood’s Parochial Directory for the counties of Fife and Kinross, etc, 1862, (https://archive.org/details/westwoodsparochi1862dire).

[13] 1861 Census of Scotland, Fife, Abbotshall, Linktown, p. 7, no. 41, William Downie household: digital image, ScotlandsPeople (https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk : accessed 27 April 2021), citing 442/ 24/ 7.

[14] Daniel Hardie and Mary Perry, marriage, District of Kirkcaldy, County of Fife, Scotland, Statutory Register of Marriages, 1863: entry 49; digital image, ScotlandsPeople (http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk : accessed 10 August 2006); citing 442/ 49.

[15] “The Free Church was formed by Evangelicals who broke from the Establishment of the Church of Scotland in 1843 in protest against what they regarded as the state’s encroachment on the spiritual independence of the Church.” Free Church of Scotland (1843-1900). Online encyclopedia. Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)): accessed 26 July 2023).

[16] Mary Hardie, death, District of Kirkaldy, Fife, Statutory Register of Deaths, 1864: p. 83, no. 248; digital image. ScotlandsPeople (http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk : accessed 4 October 2023); citing 442/ 248.

[17] Kirkcaldy – Sheet 6. Surveyed: 1855, Published: 1857. Online maps. National Library of Scotland (https://maps.nls.uk/view/74416057 : accessed 30 July 2023). The text label on the Free Church states it has seats for 750.

[18] Links or Methven’s Pottery. Website. Scottish Pottery Society (https://www.scottishpotterysociety.org.uk/links/ : accessed 30 July 2023).

[19] Fife and Kinross Sheet XXXV.SE & XXXVI.SW. Date revised: 1913, Date Published: 1920. Online map. National Library of Scotland (https://maps.nls.uk/view/75533593 : accessed 26 July 2023).

[20] Kirkcaldy, Links Street, Linktown Pottery: Archaeology Notes.  Canmore (https://canmore.org.uk/site/109496/kirkcaldy-links-street-linktown-pottery : accessed 29 July 2023).

[21] Daniel Hardie and Elizabeth Pollock Ferguson, marriage, Eastwood Parish, Renfrew County, Scotland, Statutory Register of Marriages, 1867: entry 26; digital image, ScotlandsPeople (http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk : accessed 10 August 2006); citing 562/ 26.

[22] “The Original Secession Church … was a Scottish Presbyterian denomination formed in 1827.” Original Secession Church. Online encyclopedia. Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Secession_Church  : accessed 26 July 2023).

[23] Janet Hardie, birth, Eastwood Parish, Renfrew, Scotland, Statutory Register of Births, 1867: no. 349; digital image, ScotlandsPeople (http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk : accessed 4 October 2023); citing 562/ 349. Informant: Daniel Hardie, father.

[24] Isabella Hardie, birth, Eastwood Parish, Renfrew, Scotland, Statutory Register of Births, 1869: no. 358; digital image, ScotlandsPeople (http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk : accessed 4 October 2023); citing 562/ 358. Informant: Janet Hardie, mother.

[25] Mrs. Hardie, 1870. New York, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists (including Castle Garden and Ellis Island), 1820-1957. Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com : accessed 05 October 2023). SS Iowa: Anchor Line Transatlantic Steam Packet Ship, departed Glasgow, Scotland, arrived Port of New York, 6 June 1870.

[26] Christina is the illegitimate daughter of Elizabeth Hardie. Christina Kennedy Fersuson, illigitimate birth, 27 June 1860, Eastwood Parish, Renfrew, Scotland, Statutory Register of Births, 1860: no. 254; digital image, ScotlandsPeople (http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk : accessed 4 October 2023); citing 562/ 254. Informant: Elizabeth Ferguson, mother.

[27] 1870 United States Federal Census, Daniel Hardie, 32, potter. Chicago Ward 7, Cook, IL, lines 21-25. Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 05 October 2023).  Hardie household: Daniel (32), Elizabeth (29), Christine (9), Jane (3), and Isabella (1).Enumerated 23 August 1870.

[28] Victoria Pottery. Website. Scottish Pottery Society (https://www.scottishpotterysociety.org.uk/victoria/ : accessed 03 August 2023).

[29] National Library of Scotland. Online maps. Renfrewshire – Sheet 13. Surveyed: 1858, Published: 1863. (https://maps.nls.uk/view/74428240 : accessed 03 August 2023).

[30] The Victoria Pottery is one of 15 potteries on a free tour, The Great Glasgow Pottery Trail, created by Ruth Impey and offered through GuidiGo. Images and videos about the Victoria Pottery are included and can be either viewed online or downloaded: https://www.guidigo.com/Web/The-Great-Glasgow-Pottery-Trail/JmndlYxhMrg/Stop/15/Victoria-Pottery  : accessed 6 October 2023).

[31] 1870. Hardie, D., potter, wks 438 Richmond. Cincinnati City Directory. Williams Cincinnati Directory, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 1870, p. 277. Online images. Cincinnati Public Library (https://digital.cincinnatilibrary.org : accessed 30 July 2023). P. 757 lists Tempest, Brockman & Co., a pottery, at 438 Richmond. There are 8 potteries listed. URL: https://digital.cincinnatilibrary.org/digital/collection/p16998coll5/id/150971/rec/1

[32] Elizabeth Nolan, Cincinnati, Hamilton, Ohio, birth 23 July 1872; Ohio Department of Health – Certificate of Death, State file No. 583. Date of Death: 23 January 1947, East Liverpool, Columbiana, Ohio. Father: Daniel Hardie; Mother: Elizabeth Ferguson.

[33] Elizabeth Hardy, death, 17 March 1874. Archives & Rare Books Library, University of Cincinnati; Genealogical Records, PO Box 2100113, Cincinnati, Ohio, Copy of index card: Hardy, Elizabeth; number 270; Other number 1874, p. 75.

[34] “Missouri, County Marriage, Naturalization, and Court Records, 1800-1991,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L989-M372?cc=2060668&wc=ZS1H-VZ9%3A352318101%2C1583593501 : 7 December 2021), St. Louis > Marriage records 1873-1877 vol 16-17 > image 677 of 753; Missouri State Archives, Jefferson City.

[35] David B. Gould, compiler. Gould’s St. Louis Directory for 1877 (St. Louis: David B Gould Directories, 1877), 407; also subsequent years by the same title: (1878) 396, (1879) 430, (1880) 453, (1881) 482, (1882) 495, (1883) 472, (1884) 480, (1885) 500, (1886) 504, (1887) 507, (1888) 535, (1889) 536, (1890) 556, (1891) 587, (1892) 648, (1893) 604, (1894) 625, (1895) 629, (1896)  682, (1897) 716. Online image. UMSL Digital Library (https://dl.mospace.umsystem.edu : accessed 10 October 2023).

[36] Potteries. Website. Carnegie Public Library, East Liverpool, Ohio (https://www.carnegie.lib.oh.us/potteries : accessed 9 October 9, 2023).

[37] Daniel Hardie, death, 8 December 1916, East Liverpool, Columbiana. Ohio, Bureau of Vital Statistics: Certificate of Death, 1916, registration no. 64. Birth 12 May 1838 Bo’ness, Scotland. Father: Robert Hardie. Mother: Margaret McPherson. Informant: Will Hardie. COD: primary, senility; contributory, arterial sclerosis. Burial: Riverside Cemetery, East Liverpool, Ohio.

[38] Daniel Hardie. The Evening Review (East Liverpool, OH), Wed, 9 February 1916, p. 5, col. 4-6. Online newspaper. Newspapers.com (https://www.newspapers.com : accessed 9 October 2023). URL: https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-review-obituary-for-danlel-h/133186642/